Fresh concerns have been raised over the impact plastic has on our food safety and security, in the report from Australia’s science agency CSIRO.

While earlier studies tracked plastics in fish, this research is among the first to look at microplastics from a food safety point of view.

The study concluded the micro and nanoplastics enter the human food chain through numerous pathways and called for more research to establish how they could affect human health.

“There is a lot of research to be done to better quantify the potential risk,” the paper’s lead author, CSIRO researcher Jordi Nelis said.

“They may really have potential negative effects on food safety and food security.”

The researcher said plastics were found all in types of food with varying levels found in fish as well as meat, chicken, rice, water, take-away food and even fresh produce.

One of the main ways they entered the human food chain was through food processing and packaging.

“Fresh food for example can be plastic-free when it’s picked or caught but contain plastics by the time it’s been handled, packaged and makes its way to us,” Dr Nelis said.

The paper found agricultural systems were increasingly impacted by micro and nanoplastics, raising concerns for global food safety and security.

Plastics are also entering the soil through biosolids used as fertiliser sourced from wastewater treatment, which can contain plastic particles from the washing of synthetic clothing.

“There are clear indicators that microplastics can change soil structure, also that they may affect crop production,” Dr Nelis said.

“But we have no idea how many microplastics there are in the soil.”

While the study didn’t look at how toxic microplastics can be to human health it did find big knowledge gaps regarding their impact and measurements, especially in agriculture.

“Limited knowledge exists on the potential risks these MNPs (Micro Nano Plastics) may pose to global food safety and food security,” the paper said.

“MNPs may cause changes to agricultural systems such as affecting soil properties, changing microbiomes and plant growth.”

The study analysed academic literature that found chicks exposed to microplastics exhibited delayed growth and reduced feed intake compared to control groups.

But the researcher said there was no such evidence human babies were at risk.

“There is however proof that these particles can pass through the placenta into basically the fluids that are being used by the babies,” Dr Nelis said.

“I am pretty confident to say that there’ll be millions and millions of particles that we’ll ingest every year.”